Kubernetes Secrets let you store and manage sensitive information, suchas passwords, OAuth tokens, and ssh keys. Storing confidential information in a Secretis safer and more flexible than putting it verbatim in a definition or in a . See Secrets design document for more information.

1. Ssh Key Setup
2. Kubernetes Connect To Pod
3. Ssh Key Generation

Overview of Secrets

A Secret is an object that contains a small amount of sensitive data such asa password, a token, or a key. Such information might otherwise be put in aPod specification or in an image. Users can create secrets and the systemalso creates some secrets.

Mar 31, 2020  A user can only connect to an instance if their public SSH key is available to the instance through the metadata server and if they have the matching private SSH key. Creating a new SSH key. If you don't have an existing private SSH key file and a matching public SSH key file that you can use, generate a new SSH key. Below are instructions for creating an SSH key pair from an Ubuntu machine for use on a Kubernetes cluster without having to store the data or key files in plain text in Your Kubernetes configuration. The first step is to generate Your SSH key pair: ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -m PEM -f ssh-k8s.key You Read more about Generating an SSH Key Pair for use in Kubernetes Cluster pod.

To use a secret, a Pod needs to reference the secret.A secret can be used with a Pod in two ways:

• As files in a mounted on one or more ofits containers.
• By the kubelet when pulling images for the Pod.

Built-in Secrets

Service accounts automatically create and attach Secrets with API credentials

Kubernetes automatically creates secrets which contain credentials foraccessing the API and automatically modifies your Pods to use this type ofsecret.

The automatic creation and use of API credentials can be disabled or overriddenif desired. However, if all you need to do is securely access the API server,this is the recommended workflow.

See the ServiceAccountdocumentation for more information on how service accounts work.

Creating your own Secrets

Creating a Secret Using kubectl

Secrets can contain user credentials required by Pods to access a database.For example, a database connection stringconsists of a username and password. You can store the username in a file ./username.txtand the password in a file ./password.txt on your local machine.

The kubectl create secret command packages these files into a Secret and createsthe object on the API server.The name of a Secret object must be a validDNS subdomain name.

The output is similar to:

Special characters such as $, , *, and ! will be interpreted by your shell and require escaping.In most shells, the easiest way to escape the password is to surround it with single quotes (').For example, if your actual password is S!B*d$zDsb, you should execute the command this way:

You do not need to escape special characters in passwords from files (--from-file).

You can check that the secret was created:

The output is similar to:

You can view a description of the secret:

The output is similar to:

See decoding a secret to learn how to view the contents of a secret.

Creating a Secret manually

You can also create a Secret in a file first, in JSON or YAML format,and then create that object.The name of a Secret object must be a validDNS subdomain name.The Secretcontains two maps:data and stringData. The data field is used to store arbitrary data, encoded usingbase64. The stringData field is provided for convenience, and allows you to providesecret data as unencoded strings.

For example, to store two strings in a Secret using the data field, convertthe strings to base64 as follows:

The output is similar to:

The output is similar to:

Write a Secret that looks like this:

Now create the Secret using kubectl apply:

The output is similar to:

For certain scenarios, you may wish to use the stringData field instead. Thisfield allows you to put a non-base64 encoded string directly into the Secret,and the string will be encoded for you when the Secret is created or updated.

A practical example of this might be where you are deploying an applicationthat uses a Secret to store a configuration file, and you want to populateparts of that configuration file during your deployment process.

For example, if your application uses the following configuration file:

You could store this in a Secret using the following definition:

Your deployment tool could then replace the {{username}} and {{password}}template variables before running kubectl apply.

The stringData field is a write-only convenience field. It is never output whenretrieving Secrets. For example, if you run the following command:

The output is similar to:

If a field, such as username, is specified in both data and stringData,the value from stringData is used. For example, the following Secret definition:

Results in the following Secret:

Where YWRtaW5pc3RyYXRvcg decodes to administrator.

The keys of data and stringData must consist of alphanumeric characters,‘-’, ‘_’ or ‘.’.

Creating a Secret from a generator

Since Kubernetes v1.14, kubectl supports managing objects using Kustomize. Kustomize provides resource Generators tocreate Secrets and ConfigMaps. The Kustomize generators should be specified in akustomization.yaml file inside a directory. After generating the Secret,you can create the Secret on the API server with kubectl apply.

Generating a Secret from files

You can generate a Secret by defining a secretGenerator from thefiles ./username.txt and ./password.txt:

Apply the directory, containing the kustomization.yaml, to create the Secret.

The output is similar to:

You can check that the secret was created:

The output is similar to:

The output is similar to:

Generating a Secret from string literals

You can create a Secret by defining a secretGeneratorfrom literals username=admin and password=secret:

Apply the directory, containing the kustomization.yaml, to create the Secret.

The output is similar to:

Decoding a Secret

Secrets can be retrieved by running kubectl get secret.For example, you can view the Secret created in the previous section byrunning the following command:

The output is similar to:

Decode the password field:

The output is similar to:

Editing a Secret

An existing Secret may be edited with the following command:

This will open the default configured editor and allow for updating the base64 encoded Secret values in the data field:

Using Secrets

Secrets can be mounted as data volumes or exposed asto be used by a container in a Pod. Secrets can also be used by other parts of thesystem, without being directly exposed to the Pod. For example, Secrets can holdcredentials that other parts of the system should use to interact with externalsystems on your behalf.

Using Secrets as files from a Pod

To consume a Secret in a volume in a Pod:

1. Create a secret or use an existing one. Multiple Pods can reference the same secret.
2. Modify your Pod definition to add a volume under .spec.volumes[]. Name the volume anything, and have a .spec.volumes[].secret.secretName field equal to the name of the Secret object.
3. Add a .spec.containers[].volumeMounts[] to each container that needs the secret. Specify .spec.containers[].volumeMounts[].readOnly = true and .spec.containers[].volumeMounts[].mountPath to an unused directory name where you would like the secrets to appear.
4. Modify your image or command line so that the program looks for files in that directory. Each key in the secret data map becomes the filename under mountPath.

This is an example of a Pod that mounts a Secret in a volume:

Each Secret you want to use needs to be referred to in .spec.volumes.

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If there are multiple containers in the Pod, then each container needs itsown volumeMounts block, but only one .spec.volumes is needed per Secret.

You can package many files into one secret, or use many secrets, whichever is convenient.

Projection of Secret keys to specific paths

You can also control the paths within the volume where Secret keys are projected.You can use the .spec.volumes[].secret.items field to change the target path of each key:

What will happen:

• username secret is stored under /etc/foo/my-group/my-username file instead of /etc/foo/username.
• password secret is not projected.

If .spec.volumes[].secret.items is used, only keys specified in items are projected.To consume all keys from the secret, all of them must be listed in the items field.All listed keys must exist in the corresponding secret. Otherwise, the volume is not created.

Secret files permissions

You can set the file access permission bits for a single Secret key.If you don’t specify any permissions, 0644 is used by default.You can also set a default mode for the entire Secret volume and override per key if needed.

For example, you can specify a default mode like this:

Then, the secret will be mounted on /etc/foo and all the files created by thesecret volume mount will have permission 0400.

Note that the JSON spec doesn’t support octal notation, so use the value 256 for0400 permissions. If you use YAML instead of JSON for the Pod, you can use octalnotation to specify permissions in a more natural way.

You can also use mapping, as in the previous example, and specify differentpermissions for different files like this:

In this case, the file resulting in /etc/foo/my-group/my-username will havepermission value of 0777. Owing to JSON limitations, you must specify the modein decimal notation.

Note that this permission value might be displayed in decimal notation if youread it later.

Consuming Secret values from volumes

Inside the container that mounts a secret volume, the secret keys appear asfiles and the secret values are base64 decoded and stored inside these files.This is the result of commands executed inside the container from the example above:

The output is similar to:

The output is similar to:

The output is similar to:

The program in a container is responsible for reading the secrets from thefiles.

Mounted Secrets are updated automatically

When a secret currently consumed in a volume is updated, projected keys are eventually updated as well.The kubelet checks whether the mounted secret is fresh on every periodic sync.However, the kubelet uses its local cache for getting the current value of the Secret.The type of the cache is configurable using the ConfigMapAndSecretChangeDetectionStrategy field inthe KubeletConfiguration struct.A Secret can be either propagated by watch (default), ttl-based, or simply redirectingall requests directly to the API server.As a result, the total delay from the moment when the Secret is updated to the momentwhen new keys are projected to the Pod can be as long as the kubelet sync period + cachepropagation delay, where the cache propagation delay depends on the chosen cache type(it equals to watch propagation delay, ttl of cache, or zero correspondingly).

• The version names contain alpha (e.g. v1alpha1).
• Might be buggy. Enabling the feature may expose bugs. Disabled by default.
• Support for feature may be dropped at any time without notice.
• The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.
• Recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.

The Kubernetes alpha feature Immutable Secrets and ConfigMaps provides an option to setindividual Secrets and ConfigMaps as immutable. For clusters that extensively use Secrets(at least tens of thousands of unique Secret to Pod mounts), preventing changes to theirdata has the following advantages:

• protects you from accidental (or unwanted) updates that could cause applications outages
• improves performance of your cluster by significantly reducing load on kube-apiserver, byclosing watches for secrets marked as immutable.

To use this feature, enable the ImmutableEmphemeralVolumesfeature gate and setyour Secret or ConfigMap immutable field to true. For example:

Using Secrets as environment variables

To use a secret in an in a Pod:

1. Create a secret or use an existing one. Multiple Pods can reference the same secret.
2. Modify your Pod definition in each container that you wish to consume the value of a secret key to add an environment variable for each secret key you wish to consume. The environment variable that consumes the secret key should populate the secret’s name and key in env[].valueFrom.secretKeyRef.
3. Modify your image and/or command line so that the program looks for values in the specified environment variables.

This is an example of a Pod that uses secrets from environment variables:

Consuming Secret Values from environment variables

Inside a container that consumes a secret in an environment variables, the secret keys appear asnormal environment variables containing the base64 decoded values of the secret data.This is the result of commands executed inside the container from the example above:

The output is similar to:

The output is similar to:

Using imagePullSecrets

The imagePullSecrets field is a list of references to secrets in the same namespace.You can use an imagePullSecrets to pass a secret that contains a Docker (or other) image registrypassword to the kubelet. The kubelet uses this information to pull a private image on behalf of your Pod.See the PodSpec API for more information about the imagePullSecrets field.

Manually specifying an imagePullSecret

You can learn how to specify ImagePullSecrets from the container images documentation.

Arranging for imagePullSecrets to be automatically attached

You can manually create imagePullSecrets, and reference it froma ServiceAccount. Any Pods created with that ServiceAccountor created with that ServiceAccount by default, will get their imagePullSecretsfield set to that of the service account.See Add ImagePullSecrets to a service accountfor a detailed explanation of that process.

Automatic mounting of manually created Secrets

Manually created secrets (for example, one containing a token for accessing a GitHub account)can be automatically attached to pods based on their service account.See Injecting Information into Pods Using a PodPreset for a detailed explanation of that process.

Details

Restrictions

Secret volume sources are validated to ensure that the specified objectreference actually points to an object of type Secret. Therefore, a secretneeds to be created before any Pods that depend on it.

Secret resources reside in a .Secrets can only be referenced by Pods in that same namespace.

Individual secrets are limited to 1MiB in size. This is to discourage creationof very large secrets which would exhaust the API server and kubelet memory.However, creation of many smaller secrets could also exhaust memory. Morecomprehensive limits on memory usage due to secrets is a planned feature.

The kubelet only supports the use of secrets for Pods where the secretsare obtained from the API server.This includes any Pods created using kubectl, or indirectly via a replicationcontroller. It does not include Pods created as a result of the kubelet--manifest-url flag, its --config flag, or its REST API (these arenot common ways to create Pods.)

Secrets must be created before they are consumed in Pods as environmentvariables unless they are marked as optional. References to secrets that donot exist will prevent the Pod from starting.

References (secretKeyRef field) to keys that do not exist in a named Secretwill prevent the Pod from starting.

Secrets used to populate environment variables by the envFrom field that have keysthat are considered invalid environment variable names will have those keysskipped. The Pod will be allowed to start. There will be an event whosereason is InvalidVariableNames and the message will contain the list ofinvalid keys that were skipped. The example shows a pod which refers to thedefault/mysecret that contains 2 invalid keys: 1badkey and 2alsobad.

The output is similar to:

Secret and Pod lifetime interaction

When a Pod is created by calling the Kubernetes API, there is no check if a referencedsecret exists. Once a Pod is scheduled, the kubelet will try to fetch thesecret value. If the secret cannot be fetched because it does not exist orbecause of a temporary lack of connection to the API server, the kubelet willperiodically retry. It will report an event about the Pod explaining thereason it is not started yet. Once the secret is fetched, the kubelet willcreate and mount a volume containing it. None of the Pod’s containers willstart until all the Pod’s volumes are mounted.

Use cases

Use-Case: Pod with ssh keys

Create a secret containing some ssh keys:

The output is similar to:

You can also create a kustomization.yaml with a secretGenerator field containing ssh keys.

Now you can create a Pod which references the secret with the ssh key andconsumes it in a volume:

When the container’s command runs, the pieces of the key will be available in:

The container is then free to use the secret data to establish an ssh connection.

Use-Case: Pods with prod / test credentials

This example illustrates a Pod which consumes a secret containing productioncredentials and another Pod which consumes a secret with test environmentcredentials.

You can create a kustomization.yaml with a secretGenerator field or runkubectl create secret.

The output is similar to:

The output is similar to:

Special characters such as $, , *, and ! will be interpreted by your shell and require escaping.In most shells, the easiest way to escape the password is to surround it with single quotes (').For example, if your actual password is S!B*d$zDsb, you should execute the command this way:

You do not need to escape special characters in passwords from files (--from-file).

Now make the Pods:

Add the pods to the same kustomization.yaml:

Apply all those objects on the API server by running:

Both containers will have the following files present on their filesystems with the values for each container’s environment:

Ssh Key Setup

Note how the specs for the two Pods differ only in one field; this facilitatescreating Pods with different capabilities from a common Pod template.

You could further simplify the base Pod specification by using two service accounts:

1. prod-user with the prod-db-secret
2. test-user with the test-db-secret

The Pod specification is shortened to:

Use-case: dotfiles in a secret volume

You can make your data “hidden” by defining a key that begins with a dot.This key represents a dotfile or “hidden” file. For example, when the following secretis mounted into a volume, secret-volume:

The volume will contain a single file, called .secret-file, andthe dotfile-test-container will have this file present at the path/etc/secret-volume/.secret-file.

Use-case: Secret visible to one container in a Pod

Consider a program that needs to handle HTTP requests, do some complex businesslogic, and then sign some messages with an HMAC. Because it has complexapplication logic, there might be an unnoticed remote file reading exploit inthe server, which could expose the private key to an attacker.

This could be divided into two processes in two containers: a frontend containerwhich handles user interaction and business logic, but which cannot see theprivate key; and a signer container that can see the private key, and respondsto simple signing requests from the frontend (for example, over localhost networking).

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With this partitioned approach, an attacker now has to trick the applicationserver into doing something rather arbitrary, which may be harder than gettingit to read a file.

Best practices

Clients that use the Secret API

When deploying applications that interact with the Secret API, you shouldlimit access using authorization policies such as RBAC.

Secrets often hold values that span a spectrum of importance, many of which cancause escalations within Kubernetes (e.g. service account tokens) and toexternal systems. Even if an individual app can reason about the power of thesecrets it expects to interact with, other apps within the same namespace canrender those assumptions invalid.

For these reasons watch and list requests for secrets within a namespace areextremely powerful capabilities and should be avoided, since listing secrets allowsthe clients to inspect the values of all secrets that are in that namespace. The ability towatch and list all secrets in a cluster should be reserved for only the mostprivileged, system-level components.

Applications that need to access the Secret API should perform get requests onthe secrets they need. This lets administrators restrict access to all secretswhile white-listing access to individual instances thatthe app needs.

For improved performance over a looping get, clients can design resources thatreference a secret then watch the resource, re-requesting the secret when thereference changes. Additionally, a “bulk watch” APIto let clients watch individual resources has also been proposed, and will likelybe available in future releases of Kubernetes.

Security properties

Protections

Because secrets can be created independently of the Pods that usethem, there is less risk of the secret being exposed during the workflow ofcreating, viewing, and editing Pods. The system can also take additionalprecautions with Secrets, such as avoiding writing them to disk wherepossible.

A secret is only sent to a node if a Pod on that node requires it.The kubelet stores the secret into a tmpfs so that the secret is not writtento disk storage. Once the Pod that depends on the secret is deleted, the kubeletwill delete its local copy of the secret data as well.

There may be secrets for several Pods on the same node. However, only thesecrets that a Pod requests are potentially visible within its containers.Therefore, one Pod does not have access to the secrets of another Pod.

There may be several containers in a Pod. However, each container in a Pod hasto request the secret volume in its volumeMounts for it to be visible withinthe container. This can be used to construct useful security partitions at thePod level.

On most Kubernetes distributions, communication between usersand the API server, and from the API server to the kubelets, is protected by SSL/TLS.Secrets are protected when transmitted over these channels.

• The version names contain beta (e.g. v2beta3).
• Code is well tested. Enabling the feature is considered safe. Enabled by default.
• Support for the overall feature will not be dropped, though details may change.
• The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in a subsequent beta or stable release. When this happens, we will provide instructions for migrating to the next version. This may require deleting, editing, and re-creating API objects. The editing process may require some thought. This may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.
• Recommended for only non-business-critical uses because of potential for incompatible changes in subsequent releases. If you have multiple clusters that can be upgraded independently, you may be able to relax this restriction.
• Please do try our beta features and give feedback on them! After they exit beta, it may not be practical for us to make more changes.

Kubernetes Connect To Pod

You can enable encryption at restfor secret data, so that the secrets are not stored in the clear into .

Risks

• In the API server, secret data is stored in ;therefore:
  • Administrators should enable encryption at rest for cluster data (requires v1.13 or later).
  • Administrators should limit access to etcd to admin users.
  • Administrators may want to wipe/shred disks used by etcd when no longer in use.
  • If running etcd in a cluster, administrators should make sure to use SSL/TLSfor etcd peer-to-peer communication.
• If you configure the secret through a manifest (JSON or YAML) file which hasthe secret data encoded as base64, sharing this file or checking it in to asource repository means the secret is compromised. Base64 encoding is not anencryption method and is considered the same as plain text.
• Applications still need to protect the value of secret after reading it from the volume,such as not accidentally logging it or transmitting it to an untrusted party.
• A user who can create a Pod that uses a secret can also see the value of that secret. Evenif the API server policy does not allow that user to read the Secret, the user couldrun a Pod which exposes the secret.
• Currently, anyone with root permission on any node can read any secret from the API server,by impersonating the kubelet. It is a planned feature to only send secrets tonodes that actually require them, to restrict the impact of a root exploit on asingle node.

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Learn how to create an SSH key pair on Mac, Windows, and Linux.

Mac

Use the following command:

For example:

When the program asks you to enter a file in which to save the key choose a unique file name. For example:

When the program prompts you for a passphrase, hit Enter to continue without one.

Copy the SSH Key

Use the pbcopy command to copy the public or private key. Do not use more or edit the key file directly.

To copy the public key:

Windows

We recommend you use PuTTYgen to create an SSH key pair on Windows.

For step-by-step instructions on using PuTTYgen, see the official documentation. You will need to create an SSH key with the following specifications:

• Type of key: RSA.

• Number of bits in a generated key: 2048.

• No passphrase (leave the passphrase field blank).

• Save both the public and private keys.

Ssh Key Generation

Copy the SSH Key

Use Notepad to open the public or private key files to copy their contents. Do not use Word or another text editor.

If you have Git BASH installed, you can copy the private key with:

Copy the public key with:

Linux

Use the following command:

For example:

When the program asks you to enter a file in which to save the key choose a unique file name. For example:

When the program prompts you for a passphrase, hit Enter to continue without one.

Copy the SSH Key

Use xclip to copy the public or private key. Do not use more or edit the key file directly.

To copy the private key:

To copy the public key: